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Journal of Entrepreneurship
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Barriers to Development and Progression of Women Entrepreneurs in Pakistan

Muhammad Azam Roomi

Muhammad Azam Roomi is Senior Lecturer and Director of Research, Centre for Women's Enterprise at University of Bedfordshire Business School, Luton, UK.

Guy Parrott

Guy Parrott is Senior Lecturer and Fellow at University of Bedfordshire Business School, Luton, UK.

In Pakistan, women entrepreneurs do not enjoy the same opportunities as men due to a number of deep-rooted discriminatory socio-cultural values and traditions. Furthermore, these restrictions can be observed within the support mechanisms that exist to assist such fledgling businesswomen. The economic potential of female entrepreneurs is not being realised as they suffer from a lack of access to capital, land, business premises, information technology, training and agency assistance. Inherent attitudes of a patriarchal society, that men are superior to women and that women are best suited to be homemakers, create formidable challenges. Women also receive little encouragement from some male family members, resulting in limited spatial mobility and a dearth of social capital. The research suggests that in order to foster development, multi-agency cooperation is required. The media, educational policy makers and government agencies could combine to provide women with improved access to business development services and facilitate local, regional and national networks. This would help integration of women entrepreneurs into the mainstream economy

Journal of Entrepreneurship, Vol. 17, No. 1, 59-72 (2008)
DOI: 10.1177/097135570701700105
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